If you wanted an anthill with two chimneys instead of one, how do you modify the ants? We'd have no idea. We also need to understand the high-level rules. 'If humanity is going to survive into the future, we need to better understand how complex properties, somehow, emerge from simple rules,' Levin continues. The genome encodes proteins, but transformative applications await our discovery of how that hardware enables cells to cooperate toward making functional anatomies under very different conditions.' 'The big question in biology is to understand the algorithms that determine form and function.

Amerikanische Forscher haben neue Lebensformen entwickelt, die so noch nie zuvor existiert haben. This one can self-assemble from single cells, self-replicate, would not require muscle cells for locomotion and even has a recordable memory, an essential feature for robots. The 2.0 is a more formidable robot, than its predecessor. 'We can imagine many useful applications of these living robots that other machines can't do,' adds co-leader Michael Levin, who directs the Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology at Tufts University, 'like searching out nasty compounds or radioactive contamination, gathering microplastic in the oceans, travelling in arteries to scrape out plaque. Xenobots have been designed to walk, swim, push pellets, carry payloads, and work together in a swarm to aggregate debris scattered along the surface of their dish into neat piles. Xenobot: Forscher programmieren Roboter aus lebenden Froschzellen. Xenobot 2.0 Xenobot 2.0 is an major update of the previous gen model of xenobots, produced by the same team. It's a new class of artifact: a living, programmable organism.' First they gathered stem cells, harvested from the embryos of African frogs, the species Xenopus laevis. 'They're neither a traditional robot nor a known species of animal. Auto Follow Xenobot Mod Then the team at Tufts, led by Levin and with key work by microsurgeon Douglas Blackistontransferred the in silico designs into life.

'These are novel living machines,' claims Joshua Bongard, computer scientist and robotics expert at the University of Vermont, who co-led the research project that produced the xenobots using an evolutionary algorithm on a supercomputer system - producing random configurations of up to 1,000 skin and heart cells over 100 generations.

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